PMC

(a) IGLV and (b) IGLJ gene segments were studied in the fetal liver (light gray), fetal bone marrow (dark gray), and adult horse bone marrow (black). The quantity of unique sequences utilizing each gene segment is shown. Significant differences (p-values ≤ 0.0001**) between the two most common IGLV segments (IGLV4-66, IGLV8-128) were observed with the Fisher’s Exact Test between fetal liver and adult horse bone marrow, fetal bone marrow and adult horse bone marrow, and all fetal and adult horse bone marrow; fetal liver and fetal bone marrow were not significantly different (p-value = 1.0). Significant differences (p-values ≤ 0.01*) were also observed for the two most common IGLJ (IGLJ5, IGLJ7) segments between fetal liver and adult horse bone marrow, fetal bone marrow and adult horse bone marrow, and all fetal and adult horse bone marrow; fetal liver and fetal bone marrow gene segment usages were not significantly different (p-value = 0.7).

Panel A shows mean of the fetal movement signal (±SE) at each of the three assessment age gestational ranges (GA1, 20–24 weeks gestation; GA2, 28–32 weeks gestation; GA3, 34–38 weeks gestation). The three brackets depict gestational age group comparisons with p-values from mixed models regression above each bracket. Panel B shows fetal movement signal (±SE) for each of three fetal sleep/activity states (1F, 2F, 4F) at the GA3 gestational age time point. The three brackets depict state comparisons with p-values from mixed models regression above each bracket. Panel C shows mean (±SE) cross-correlations between fetal heart rate and fetal movement at each of the three assessment gestational age ranges. The three brackets depict gestational age group comparisons with p-values from mixed models regression above each bracket. Panel D shows mean (±SE) cross-correlations between fetal heart rate and fetal movement for each of three fetal sleep/activity states (1F, 2F, 4F) at the GA3 gestational age time point. The three brackets depict state comparisons with p-values from mixed models regression above each bracket.

Images of mouse Embryonic Day 13.5 fetal livers derived from pregnant CD-1 mice showing (A) Mouse fetal liver string in first 10 cm dish containing 5 mL DMEM, (B) Intact, isolated fetal sacs in second 10 cm dish containing 5 mL DMEM, (C) Close-up of isolated fetal sacs, with arrowheads pointing to red fetal liver, (D) Isolated fetal livers, (E) Isolated fetal livers in third 10 cm dish containing 10 mL DMEM, and (F) 10 mL of homogenized fetal liver culture.

(a) IL-6 staining in fetal liver and (b) fetal ileum. (c, d) Semi-quantitative analysis of IL-6 staining in fetal liver and fetal ileum, (e) western blotting of TNF-α expression in fetal liver, and (f) western blotting of fetal ileum tight junction ZO-1, occludin and claudin-3 expressions. NCD: normal-chow diet, HFD: high-fat diet, HFSB: high-fat diet with butyrate supplementation during pregnancy (n = 6), * p < 0.05. Arrowheads: positive IL-6 staining cells.